Maps Have a Purpose
A map is a model of a place. Because no map can show everything, a mapmaker chooses which information to include. A physical map emphasizes natural features such as rivers and mountains. A political map emphasizes borders and places created by people, such as countries, states, and cities.
Start by reading the title. It tells you the map’s topic. The legend, or key, explains colors and symbols. A compass rose shows direction. A scale helps estimate real distance. Latitude and longitude can identify an exact location.
Maps Are Evidence
Historians use maps as evidence. A migration map may show movement over time. A resource map can help explain why communities settled in certain places. A historical map can show how borders changed.
Maps must also be questioned. Who made the map? When was it made? What does it include or leave out? Maps may reflect the knowledge, purpose, or point of view of their creators. Careful readers compare a map with other evidence before reaching a conclusion.
Every Flat Map Distorts Earth
Earth is round, but most maps are flat. Turning a globe into a flat map requires a projection. Every projection stretches or changes some combination of shape, area, distance, or direction. A map is therefore a useful model—not a perfect copy of Earth.
A cartographer chooses a projection based on the map's purpose. That choice can make some regions look larger or more central than they really are. Strong map readers check the projection, date, author, and sources as carefully as they check the legend.
Check Your Understanding
Choose the best answer. If you miss one, use the feedback and try again.
What is the main difference between a physical map and a political map?
Why should a historian ask who created a map?